Video signals

Video signals are important to understand for: what your equipment can use, what signals are glitchable, and how you can convert between signals. Analog Luma - A History and Explanation of Video Intro to Chroma: From RGB to Component Video https://github.com/oyvindln/vhs-decode/wiki/Acronyms-Guide https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/basics-of-analog-video.html https://www.analog.com/en/resources/technical-articles/understanding-analog-video-signals.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal NTSC Studio Timing Principles and Applications https://github.com/oyvindln/vhs-decode/wiki/TV-Systems Cable Television Multiple channels are sent down a single wire via Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), with channels resigning on frequency bands from 50 MHz to 1 GHz. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_resolutions#CCTV 960H - 960 x 480 (NTSC) or 960 x 576 (PAL) HD-TVI - High Definition Transport Video Interface HD-CVI - High Definition Coaxial Video Interface Analog High Definition https://www.securitycameraking.com/securityinfo/tvi-vs-cvi-what-is-the-difference/ 1000ft of ANALOG HD video over a single cable?! [AHD/CVI/TVI] https://ipvm.com/discussions/singmai-electronics-the-real-inventor-of-hd-cvi-and-hd-tvi?page=1#post_59275 https://www.edn.com/transmitting-hd-video-over-rg-59-cable/ NTSC - National Television Standards Committee North America and Japan 525 Interlaced lines at 29.97 frames/sec PAL - Phase Alternate Line Europe 625 Interlaced lines at 25 frames/sec SECAM - Sequential Color and Memory France, USSR, China, Pakistan 625 Interlaced lines at 25 Frames/sec Analog 3 color RCA jacks (Green, Blue, Red), or BNC. Green = Luminance and Sync Blue = Pb = Blue minus Luma Red = Pr = Red minus LUma Aka YPbPr, YCbCr, YUV Sync is carried on the Y (luminance) channel. Analog Yellow RCA cable or BNC connector. Can be easily glitched and easily sent to CRT TVs Most glitch boxes/devices use composite for both input and output signals (through RCA connections) Aka CVBS (Composite Video Baseband Signal) Digital Not useful for glitching This protocol has become very popular and is the underlying protocol used in USB-C connectors; as well as Thunderbolt3 and 4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface Digital and analog Successor to VGA; and certain modes may have backwards VGA compatibility. Digital Difficult to glitch because of digital internal correction, but some devices can Can be converted to composite with a cheap HDMI-to-composite converter Can be used for feeding certain video devices that take an HDMI input Can be used for upscaling/downscaling a video signal Designed to be compatible with Eurorack CV signals. However, while Eurorack typically operate at -5v to +5v (10v peak-to-peak); LZX is typically 0-1v, with some bi-poloar modules being -1v to +1v. 0-1v is clever because 0 is full black, and 1v is full white. This makes dealing with multipliers and dividers straightforward. ESG3 - Encoder and Sync Generator Module. TBC2 - Dual Video Input Module LZX Industries Presents: The Patchable Video Standard - Section 1 (Intro) https://docs.lzxindustries.net/docs/guides/standards HomeGrown Visuals Video Synth Playlist - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkGLuhLWJUdnJJXBbRAdWnNuY7rHDpWW0 Analog Mostly deprecated with the Over The Air (OTA) to Digital VHF - Very High Frequency - Channels 1-13 UHF - Ultra High Frequency - Channels 14-83 RF to Composite modulator adapters are commonly available. You likely won’t need to do the reverse (convert RF to composite) Originally just wires connected to “rabbit ear antennas” Often found on older televisions, VCRs, older video game consoles, and certain types of video modulators. Signals are encoded in channels, such as channel 3 or 4. Low image quality Analog Red, Green, Blue transmitted as individual colors. https://www.retrorgb.com/rgbadvanced.html TVs can be modded to accept RGB input. https://sector.sunthar.com/guides/crt-rgb-mod/rgb-theory.html https://www.retrorgb.com/sync.html RGBs - 4 lines, Horizontal and Vertical sync on 1 line. RGBHV - 5 lines, Horizontal and Vertical sync separate lines. (You can think of this as VGA, although VGA refers to a specific resolution.) Note the HV is 5v. RGsB - 3 lines; with Horizontal and Vertical sync sharing the Green line. Rare. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_video#RGB_analog_component_video Digital (but had 4fsc sampled analog direct in older provisions for D2/D3 tape) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_digital_interface Transmits uncompressed digital video signals over coaxial cables, allowing for very high quality video without degradation even over long cable runs Commonly used in professional broadcasting, video production, and other applications where high-quality, reliable, and uncompressed digital video transmission is essential Professional cameras Video mixers/switchers/routers Video capture cards/digital video recorders Monitoring & display equipment While SDI is widely used in professional settings, HDMI is the standard for consumer audiovisual equipment due to its versatility and support for both video and audio in a single cable. SD-SDI 480i, 576i ED-SDI 480p, 576p HD-SDI 720p, 1080i Dual Link HD-SDI 1080p60 3G-SDI 1080p60 6G-SDI 1080p120, 2160p30 12G-SDI 2160p60 24G-SDI 2160p120, 4320p30 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video 4 Pin connector (in consumer gear) Y (Luminance along with Hsync and Vsync), C (Chrominance) + Color Burst subcarrier timing reference Ground Ground Can also be found as 2 BNC connectors Y (Luminance along with Hsync and Vsync), C (Chrominance) + Color Burst subcarrier timing reference With the 2 BNC connectors barrel’s serving as grounds Analog ?Can this signal be glitched? Some video mixers and devices (DVD players, CRT TVs, video enhancer, etc.) have S-Video inputs/outputs S-Video provides a clearer and sharper image compared to composite video because it keeps luminance and chrominance separate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vga Analog Glitchable, see CHA/V Can be converted to composite with a VGA-to-AV converter Often found in older computer monitors, projectors, and displays, as well as video mixers How VGA Works http://javiervalcarce.eu/html/vga-signal-format-timming-specs-en.html